In the urban slums of the Philippines, particularly in densely populated areas like Tondo, Manila, a harsh reality known as “pagpag” exists—one that starkly reveals the depth of poverty experienced by many Filipinos. The word pagpag literally means “to shake off dirt or dust” in Filipino. However, in this context, it refers to leftover food scavenged from garbage bins, usually from fast food restaurants, that is cleaned, recooked, and eaten by people who cannot afford freshly prepared meals. Often, these food scraps include discarded fried chicken, rice, burgers, or spaghetti, scraped off used packaging and collected from trash bags dumped behind fast-food chains. People resort to eating pagpag out of sheer necessity. For millions living below the poverty line, where daily income is sometimes less than ₱100 (about $2), access to nutritious food is nearly impossible. In some communities, pagpag has become an informal industry: individuals, often children or mothers, collect food was...